DOT Inspection: The 8 Levels of DOT Inspections Explained

Keeping commercial vehicles road-ready takes more than routine maintenance. You also need to stay compliant with DOT inspection requirements that protect your drivers, your fleet, and everyone on the road. While daily, driver-led inspections help identify issues early and extend vehicle life, fleets must also be prepared for unannounced roadside DOT inspections, most commonly at weigh stations or during traffic stops.

Each year, the FMCSA and its state partners conduct more than 3.3 million roadside inspections, and the impact is significant. In 2024 alone, over 21% of vehicles and nearly 7% of drivers were placed out of service due to violations. These inspections vary in scope and depth, with multiple DOT inspection levels designed to evaluate different aspects of vehicle and driver compliance.

Understanding how DOT inspections work—and what inspectors review at each level—is essential to avoiding violations, costly downtime, and out-of-service orders. This guide walks you through the inspection process, what to expect during roadside checks, and who conducts them, so you can stay prepared every time you hit the road.

What is a DOT inspection?

A DOT inspection is a federally mandated safety evaluation that ensures commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) and their drivers comply with FMCSA safety regulations. These inspections are conducted by certified enforcement officers, including state troopers and DOT-authorized inspectors.

DOT inspections apply to CMVs weighing 10,001 pounds or more and focus on both vehicle condition and driver compliance. Depending on the inspection level, officers may examine critical vehicle components, cargo securement, driver credentials, HOS (Hours-of-Service) records, and other necessary documentation. It’s more like a preventive approach, and the primary goal is to identify safety risks and avoid accidents, breakdowns, or any related challenges. That’s why enforcement penalties are in place to ensure compliance with DOT regulations.

By enforcing minimum safety standards, DOT inspections help reduce roadway accidents, remove unsafe vehicles from service, and improve overall fleet safety. For carriers, consistent inspection readiness supports better vehicle performance, longer equipment life, and fewer compliance disruptions.

Who conducts DOT truck inspections?

DOT truck inspections involve several agencies working together to ensure consistent enforcement of federal safety standards.

• State troopers and local enforcement officers work on the front lines of commercial vehicle safety. They can stop trucks, conduct roadside inspections, and issue violations or out-of-service orders when they find safety or compliance issues.

• The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), a division of the DOT, oversees and funds the national inspection program. It establishes safety regulations, monitors compliance, and ensures inspections are applied consistently across all states.

• The Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) supports enforcement by developing the inspection standards used across the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Its North American Standard Inspection Program gives officers clear, uniform procedures for checking both vehicles and drivers.

Different levels of DOT inspections

Understanding the different DOT inspection levels helps fleet managers and drivers stay prepared, use inspection checklists more effectively, and keep operations running safely and efficiently. Each inspection level serves a distinct purpose-  from full vehicle and driver inspections to quick, targeted checks that focus on certain equipment, compliance areas, or cargo.

There are eight DOT inspection levels that enforcement officers may conduct on a commercial vehicle and/or driver to verify compliance with federal safety regulations. These are part of the CVSA North American Standard Inspection Program and are commonly referred to as DOT inspections. The time required for an inspection depends on the level and vehicle condition, but most are completed in under an hour. 

Below, you’ll find a simple breakdown of each inspection level, what officers review at each step, and how these checks work together to reduce violations, improve safety, and keep your fleet moving.

Level 1 DOT inspection: North American Standard Inspection

The Level 1 DOT Inspection, also known as the North American Standard Inspection, is the most comprehensive and frequently conducted DOT inspection. It involves a full evaluation of both the driver and the commercial motor vehicle, including the tractor and trailer. Because of its depth, this inspection is often used to determine whether a vehicle or driver should be placed out of service (OOS) for safety or compliance violations. Here’s what it typically covers:

Driver documentation and compliance checks:

• Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)
• Medical Examiner’s Certificate
• Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) certificate, if applicable
• Hours-of-Service (HOS) logs and duty status
• Vehicle inspection reports, if applicable
• Hazmat endorsements, if applicable
• Seat belt use
• Signs of drug or alcohol impairment

Vehicle and equipment inspection:

• Braking system
• Steering mechanisms
• Suspension system
• Tires, wheels, rims, and hubs
• Fuel and exhaust systems
• Lighting devices: headlamps, tail lamps, brake lights, turn signals
• Windshield wipers
• Frame and vehicle body condition
• Coupling devices and driveline/driveshaft components

Inspectors look for anything loose, damaged, leaking, or unsafe. If you’re hauling passengers or hazardous materials, they may perform additional checks.

Most Level 1 inspections take about 45–60 minutes, depending on your vehicle’s condition. Keeping your paperwork organized and your truck well-maintained helps you pass faster and avoid violations.

Level 2 DOT inspection: Walk-Around Driver and Vehicle Inspection

A Level 2 DOT inspection, also called a Walk-Around Driver/Vehicle Inspection, checks both you and your truck without the officer going underneath the vehicle.

It covers many of the same items as a Level 1 inspection, but everything is reviewed from the ground level. Because there’s no undercarriage check, the inspection is usually faster and typically takes about 30 minutes.

Here’s what officers look at:

Driver documentation and compliance

• Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)
• Medical Examiner’s Certificate
• Hours-of-service logs or ELD records
• Vehicle inspection reports (DVIR), if required
• Hazmat endorsements, if applicable
• Seat belt use
• Signs of drug or alcohol impairment

Vehicle and visible equipment (walk-around only)

• Lights and reflectors
• Brakes (external components)
• Tires, wheels, and rims
• Suspension (visible parts)
• Windshield and wipers
• Mirrors
• Coupling devices
• Cargo securement
• Overall vehicle condition (leaks, damage, loose parts)

Even though it’s less detailed than a Level 1 inspection, you can still be placed out of service (OOS) if officers find serious safety or compliance issues.

Level 2 inspections are common during roadside stops or quick compliance checks. Keeping your paperwork ready and your equipment in good shape helps you move through the inspection faster.

Level 3 DOT inspection: Driver-Only Inspection

A Level 3 DOT inspection, also called a Driver/Credential/Administrative Inspection, focuses only on you and your paperwork, not your vehicle.

Unlike Level 1 or Level 2 inspections, officers don’t check your truck or equipment. Instead, they verify that your licenses, logs, and records meet DOT requirements. These inspections are usually quick and often take about 15 minutes.

During a Level 3 inspection, officers review the driver’s documentation and records, including:

• Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) and endorsements
• Medical Examiner’s Certificate
• Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) certificate
• Record of Duty Status (RODS) and Hours of Service (HOS) logs
• Driver Vehicle Inspection Reports (DVIR)
• Electronic Logging Device (ELD) records
• Carrier identification and status
• Seat belt use
• Alcohol and drug history, if applicable
• Traffic violation history or infractions 

Level 3 inspections are primarily administrative, verifying that drivers have the necessary credentials, follow HOS regulations, maintain proper records, and comply with safety requirements. Missing paperwork, expired documents, or log violations can still lead to citations or out-of-service orders.

Level 4 DOT inspection: Special Inspection

A Level 4 DOT inspection is a specialized, one-time examination that focuses on a specific vehicle component or driver documentation. Officers perform Level 4 inspections when they want to take a closer look at a particular component, confirm a suspected problem, or collect data for safety research or enforcement trends. It’s often targeted and is often excluded from routine roadside checks.

These inspections can target any specific aspect of a vehicle or driver record, such as:

• Brake systems
• Steering mechanisms
• Safety equipment
• Driver paperwork or certifications
• Engine components

Because the scope is narrow for Level 4 inspections, the inspection time varies based on what’s being reviewed. Some checks take only a few minutes, while others may take longer. 

Level 5 DOT inspection: Vehicle-only inspection

A Level 5 DOT inspection, also called a Vehicle-Only Inspection, performs the same thorough examination as a Level 1 inspection, but without the driver present. This inspection focuses entirely on the vehicle’s systems and components, making it ideal for compliance reviews, FMCSA investigations, or post-incident evaluations.

During a Level 5 inspection, officers assess all major vehicle systems, including:

• Brake systems
• Steering mechanisms
• Suspension components
• Fuel and exhaust systems
• Lighting devices, including headlamps, tail lamps, and turn signals
• Tires, wheels, rims, and hubs
• Windshield wipers
• Cargo securement
• Trailer and van bodies
• Emergency exits
• Engine and battery systems
• Electrical cables

The inspection follows a DOT Level 1 vehicle checklist, ensuring that all critical systems are evaluated for safety and regulatory compliance. Level 5 inspections can be conducted at any location, including the carrier’s facility or terminal, and typically take 30 to 45 minutes, depending on the vehicle and scope of the review.

Level 6 DOT inspection: Enhanced NAS Inspection for Radioactive Shipments

A Level 6 DOT inspection, also called an Enhanced North American Standard (NAS) Inspection, is required when you’re hauling highway route-controlled quantities (HRCQ) of radioactive materials, including select transuranic waste, medical waste, and other radiological shipments.

This is a specialized inspection that builds on the full Level 1 inspection but adds extra checks for radiological safety and security. It ensures your vehicle, paperwork, and cargo handling meet strict federal requirements before the shipment moves.

The inspection evaluates:

• Vehicle systems and components per Level 1 criteria (brakes, steering, suspension, lighting, tires, exhaust, cargo securement, emergency exits, engine, and battery)
• Driver credentials and compliance
• Cargo handling and securement for radiological materials
• Radiological safety equipment and placards
• Documentation specific to HRCQ shipments

All elements—vehicle, driver, and cargo—must be free of defects before the shipment is allowed to depart. Once a Level 6 inspection is passed, the driver is issued a special nuclear decal, which must be displayed on the vehicle for the duration of the trip. This decal is valid only for that journey and is removed upon reaching the destination.

Level 6 inspections are rare and highly specialized, designed to meet strict U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations under 49 CFR 173.403. Due to the enhanced scope, these inspections typically take up to 60 minutes to complete.

Level 7 DOT inspection: Jurisdictional Mandated Commercial Vehicle Inspection

A Level 7 DOT inspection is a jurisdiction-mandated inspection for commercial vehicles that do not fit the criteria of Levels 1 through 6. These inspections are specific to local or state regulations rather than federal DOT standards and are designed to ensure safety for specialized or intrastate operations.

Level 7 inspections commonly apply to vehicles such as:

• School buses
• Limousines and taxis
• Shared-ride transportation
• Hotel courtesy shuttles
• Public or intrastate commercial buses

These inspections can be conducted by CVSA-certified inspectors, other designated government employees, or jurisdiction-approved contractors. Training requirements for inspectors are determined by each jurisdiction, reflecting the unique needs of local operations.

Unlike Levels 1–6, Level 7 inspections do not qualify for a CVSA decal. However, a jurisdiction-specific decal may be issued to indicate compliance. The inspection ensures that vehicles operating under local or municipal regulations meet safety standards appropriate to their specific service, even though they may not fall under federal inspection programs.

Level 8 DOT inspection: North American Standard Electronic Inspection

A Level 8 DOT inspection, also known as the North American Standard Electronic Inspection, is a remote, in-motion inspection conducted electronically without direct interaction with an enforcement officer. This inspection leverages wireless data exchange technology to verify compliance while the vehicle is operating.

During a Level 8 inspection, the system collects and validates key data points, including:

• GPS location and descriptive coordinates of the vehicle
• Driver identity, license class, endorsements, and status
• Medical Examiner’s Certificate and Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) certificate
• Record of Duty Status (RODS) and Hours-of-Service (HOS) compliance
• USDOT or Canada NSC number
• Vehicle registration and power unit information
• Operating authority and Unified Carrier Registration (UCR) compliance
• Active federal out-of-service orders
• Proof of completed driver and vehicle inspections

If your records are accurate and up to date, the inspection can be completed without interrupting your trip. Missing or invalid data, however, may trigger a roadside stop or follow-up enforcement action.

Keeping your ELD logs, driver credentials, and vehicle records current is the easiest way to stay compliant during these electronic checks.

What to expect during roadside DOT inspections?

Roadside DOT inspections are a routine part of commercial vehicle operations and can happen without prior notice. Although the U.S. Department of Transportation sets inspection standards, enforcement is carried out by state and local law enforcement, FMCSA-authorized inspectors, and Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) officials trained to assess compliance.

Inspections commonly take place at weigh stations, roadside checkpoints, truck stops, border crossings, and carrier terminals. While carriers must conduct routine and annual vehicle inspections internally, DOT inspections are separate and focus on enforcing federal safety regulations in real-world operating conditions.

During a roadside inspection, officers may review driver documents and logbooks, inspect vehicle systems, or perform a more comprehensive safety check based on the inspection level. Drivers are expected to remain cooperative, follow instructions, and maintain a professional demeanor. Having organized paperwork and a properly maintained vehicle helps streamline the process and reduce inspection time.

Why are regular DOT inspections important for fleet management?

Regular DOT inspections are essential for keeping fleets safe, compliant, and operational. By conducting inspections consistently, fleet managers can identify and address potential issues early, preventing accidents, costly fines, and unexpected vehicle downtime.

Using pre-trip checklists and performing routine vehicle assessments allows fleets to spot wear, malfunctions, or safety hazards before they escalate. This proactive approach not only helps avoid penalties but also ensures that vehicles operate efficiently, improving overall fleet performance and reliability.

DOT inspections also have a direct impact on a carrier’s CSA (Compliance, Safety, Accountability) scores, which the FMCSA uses to evaluate safety performance. Poor scores, often caused by repeated violations or out-of-service orders, can flag a carrier as high-risk. This may result in more frequent inspections, audits, higher insurance premiums, and lost business opportunities, as clients, insurers, and regulators rely on CSA data to assess safety and trustworthiness.

What happens after a DOT inspection?

Once a DOT inspection is complete, the inspector provides the driver with a detailed report outlining any issues or violations found during the examination. The outcomes generally fall into three categories:

1. No violations found

If the vehicle and driver meet all DOT standards, the inspector places a CVSA decal on the CMV. This decal, valid for up to three months, indicates that the vehicle passed the inspection. Vehicles displaying a valid decal typically won’t be subject to another inspection unless a visible issue arises.

2. Non-serious violations

When minor violations are identified that do not pose an immediate safety risk, the carrier or driver is notified for repair or rectification. These violations still count against the carrier’s or driver’s Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) scores, which can affect future inspections, insurance, and reputation. The carrier must correct the issues within 15 days and submit a report to the FMCSA confirming that all repairs were completed. 

Common non-serious violations include:

• Driver-related: expired or invalid CDL, outdated medical card, logbook errors
• Vehicle-related: worn tire tread, inoperable lights, improperly secured cargo

3. Vehicle or driver placed Out of Service (OOS)

For serious violations that pose a risk to other motorists, the vehicle or driver is placed out of service. The CMV cannot be operated until all issues are corrected and properly documented. Examples of OOS violations include severe brake defects, major cargo securement failures, or unsafe operating conditions. Repairs or corrections must be completed and documented before you can get back on the road.

How to avoid DOT inspection violations?

Preventing DOT inspection violations starts with proactive preparation for both drivers and vehicles. By understanding common infractions and maintaining compliance, carriers can reduce fines, improve CSA scores, and ensure safer operations.

DOT inspection violations for drivers

Focus on maintaining accurate records and adhering to regulatory requirements. Common driver violations include:

• Exceeding Hours of Service (HOS) limits
• Failure to maintain a valid medical certificate
• Invalid or expired Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)
• ELD (Electronic Logging Device) mandate violations
• Seat belt non-compliance

To avoid these, it’s important to ensure that your driver staff log hours correctly, carry valid credentials, and follow safety protocols at all times. Fleet management systems can help by tracking HOS, issuing alerts for potential compliance issues, and monitoring risky driving behaviors.

DOT inspection violations for vehicles

Routine vehicle inspections and preventive maintenance are key. Common vehicle-related violations include:

• Inoperable or faulty lights
• Worn tires or tread below legal limits
• Brake system defects
• Missing or outdated annual inspection records
• Improper cargo securement
• Leaks from oil, grease, transmission fluid, or fuel
• Unsecured or discharged fire extinguishers

Regularly check and maintain critical systems, follow cargo securement rules, and keep accurate maintenance records. Preventive maintenance ensures that potential violations are identified and corrected before inspections, minimizing the risk of being placed out of service.

How to prepare for DOT inspections?

Proper preparation is key to passing DOT inspections and keeping your fleet safe, compliant, and operational. By implementing structured processes for both drivers and vehicles, carriers can prevent violations, minimize downtime, and maintain strong CSA scores.

1. Maintain clean and organized equipment

Keeping vehicles clean inside out demonstrates professionalism and helps preserve equipment. A tidy cab and exterior reduce distractions and make inspections smoother. Proper organization of paperwork, tools, and cargo ensures inspectors can easily verify compliance.

2. Implement a preventive maintenance program

Regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential. Conduct pre-trip, en route, and post-trip inspections to identify issues early. Addressing small problems in real time prevents larger failures, reduces out-of-service risks, and ensures vehicles are always ready for inspection.

3. Understand inspection procedures

Familiarize yourself with DOT and DVIR checklists, including commonly inspected components such as brakes, tires, lighting devices, steering mechanisms, and reflectors. Knowing what inspectors look for helps your team stay compliant and avoid surprises.

4. Secure cargo properly

Follow cargo securement guidelines to prevent shifting or spillage. Properly loaded and secured freight not only keeps roads safe but also ensures your vehicle passes inspection without violations.

5. Keep documentation accurate and accessible

Drivers should carry all necessary paperwork, including:

• CDL and endorsements
• Medical certificates
• Vehicle registration and insurance
• Maintenance records and inspection logs
• Hours-of-Service (HOS) and Electronic Logging Device (ELD) reports

Organize these documents in a single folder, with digital backups to avoid delays if originals are misplaced. Digitizing inspections, maintenance, and HOS tracking can streamline the audit process and reduce errors.

6. Train and prepare drivers

Coordinate with drivers to ensure they understand inspection protocols, document requirements, and hours-of-service rules. Encourage professionalism, courtesy, and attentiveness during inspections. Train drivers to monitor for out-of-service violations, especially on critical systems like brakes, frames, and fuel lines.

7. Leverage fleet management technology

Modern fleet management systems help monitor driver compliance, track HOS, flag maintenance needs, and alert managers to potential violations. These tools allow carriers to maintain oversight, streamline audits, and prevent inspection failures.

8. Regular audits and compliance checks

Carriers should routinely audit driver files, logs, and vehicle records to catch discrepancies before inspectors do. Monitoring drug and alcohol test records, MVRs, medical certificates, and training logs ensures your fleet remains compliant at all times.

Are you ready for your next DOT inspection?

DOT inspections play a critical role in ensuring the safety and roadworthiness of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). Understanding the different inspection levels, knowing what to expect during roadside checks, and maintaining both vehicle and driver compliance are essential steps for staying inspection-ready.

By regularly maintaining your truck and trailer, securing cargo properly, keeping all documentation up to date, and following safety protocols, you can reduce the risk of violations and avoid out-of-service orders. Prepared drivers and well-maintained vehicles not only pass inspections more easily but also contribute to safer roads for everyone.

Being proactive is key. When you know what inspectors are looking for and stay diligent with preventive maintenance, paperwork, and compliance, there’s no reason to worry about passing any level of DOT inspection.