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Before starting a career in trucking, it’s important to be familiar with the CDL requirements in your state, as they can widely differ. Obtaining a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) is a key milestone for anyone entering the industry, which serves as the foundation for a successful career in the long run. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to upgrade your existing credentials, understanding your state’s CDL rules and regulations is crucial for passing the test and staying compliant. This guide outlines both federal and state requirements, providing a clear roadmap to help you become a licensed commercial driver.
Federal CDL requirements
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sets the nationwide baseline standards for Commercial Driver’s Licenses. Although each state manages and issues its own CDL program, these federal guidelines provide a consistent framework for commercial driver qualifications nationwide.
CDL age requirements
Drivers must be at least 18 years old to operate a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) within their state (intrastate). However, to drive across state lines (interstate) or to transport hazardous materials, the minimum age requirement is 21.
Legal residency CDL requirements
All CDL applicants must show proof of U.S. citizenship or lawful permanent residency when applying through their state licensing agency. Additionally, if you are a lawful permanent resident seeking a hazardous materials (HazMat) endorsement, you are required to provide your Alien Registration Number issued by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) as well.
Medical CDL requirements
Commercial drivers must meet federal medical standards to operate a commercial motor vehicle safely. Key requirements include:
- Vision: Must have at least 20/40 vision in each eye, with or without corrective lenses.
- Hearing: Must pass a standard audiometric (hearing) test.
- Blood Pressure: Must maintain blood pressure levels that support safe driving; uncontrolled hypertension may disqualify a driver.
- Medical Conditions: Must be free of disqualifying conditions such as insulin-dependent diabetes, epilepsy, or serious heart disorders.
- Medical Certification: Must hold a valid Medical Examiner’s Certificate (DOT card) to obtain a CDL or Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP).
Skills and knowledge testing for CDL requirements
The FMCSA requires all CDL applicants to complete both a written knowledge exam and a skills-based road test to demonstrate safe operation of commercial vehicles. The written test evaluates understanding of general trucking principles, combination vehicles, air brake systems, and any specific endorsements an applicant is seeking. Post this, candidates must pass a three-part skills test, which includes a pre-trip vehicle inspection, basic vehicle control exercises, and an on-road driving evaluation. Applicants are also required to test in the same type of commercial vehicle they plan to operate in their job.
Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)
In most states, aspiring commercial drivers must first obtain a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) before earning a full CDL. While driving with a CLP, the permit holder must be accompanied by a licensed driver who holds a valid CDL for the same class and type of vehicle. CLPs are temporary credentials, typically expiring after six months, and holders are not permitted to operate commercial vehicles that transport hazardous materials.
Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT)
Since February 2022, all new CDL applicants must complete Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) through a registered training provider before taking the CDL skills test. The ELDT program combines classroom instruction on essential safety and regulatory topics with behind-the-wheel training. Both the theory and practical components must be completed within one year of enrollment for the applicant to remain eligible for testing.
CDL requirements by State
While the FMCSA establishes the nationwide minimum standards for Commercial Driver’s Licenses, each state sets its own rules for issuing CDLs. In some cases, state requirements may be stricter than federal regulations, particularly for medical qualifications and other eligibility criteria.
Application process
The application process for obtaining a CDL varies by state, but typically involves:
- Securing a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)
- Completing required training programs
- Passing a written knowledge and skills test
- Paying applicable fees
- Submitting all necessary documentation
Many states also allow third-party testers to conduct CDL skills exams. These examiners must adhere to the same standards as the state and meet all required qualifications.
State license administration
State driver licensing agencies—usually Departments of Motor Vehicles (DMVs)—handle:
- Processing CDL applications
- Administering knowledge and skills tests
- Issuing CDL licenses
- Setting license fees and renewal schedules
- Defining reinstatement rules for drivers who have been disqualified
Third-party testing
Certain states authorize approved third-party organizations to administer skills tests, ensuring that all testing aligns with state-mandated standards and qualifications.
Self-certification for Commercial Drivers
Commercial drivers are required to “self-certify” the type of Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) they intend to operate. This determines whether a Federal DOT medical certificate is required. The categories include:
- Non-Excepted Interstate: Drivers must hold a Federal DOT medical card when operating across state lines.
- Excepted Interstate: Drivers are not required to have a Federal DOT medical card while driving interstate.
- Non-Excepted Intrastate: Drivers must have a Federal DOT medical card when operating only within their home state.
- Excepted Intrastate: Drivers do not need a Federal DOT medical card when operating solely within their state.
Accommodations for drivers with disabilities
The U.S. Department of Labor defines reasonable accommodations as changes to a job, workplace, or hiring process that allow individuals with disabilities to perform their duties on equal terms. In commercial driving, that concept extends to vehicle adaptations that support safe operation.
Commercial vehicles can be modified to meet individual needs. Common adaptations include:
- Suspension seats for drivers with back injuries
- Wheelchair lifts and ramps
- TTY units for hearing-impaired drivers
- Spinner knob hand controls for reduced hand strength
- Steering wheel and pedal extensions
- Reduced-effort braking systems
- Left-foot accelerators
- Adaptive electronic controls
Under FMCSA rules, a driver with a qualifying disability may earn a CDL and operate commercially if they can safely operate a commercial motor vehicle and pass the Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) program.
CDL disqualifications and penalties
Certain factors can prevent an individual from obtaining a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL), including:
- Not holding a valid driver’s license
- Failing a DOT medical examination
- Failing a required drug test
Other violations may not block you from getting a CDL outright, but can impact your employment and driving privileges. These instances include:
- Major offenses: DUI, leaving the scene of an accident, or using a vehicle to commit a felony
- Serious traffic violations: Excessive speeding, reckless driving, or improper lane changes
- Railroad crossing violations
- Ignoring out-of-service orders
Employers may impose temporary or permanent suspensions depending on the nature of the violation and whether it is a repeat offense.
Exemptions from CDL requirements
Under specific circumstances, some drivers may be exempt from obtaining a CDL. These exemptions typically apply only within the driver’s home state, unless other states honor them through reciprocity agreements. Common examples of exempt drivers include firefighters and ambulance personnel, operators clearing snow and ice from rural roads, and seasonal workers in agricultural industries.
Finding state-specific CDL requirements
Every state publishes its own Commercial Driver’s License Manual, detailing the specific requirements and steps to obtain a CDL. Most manuals are available online for download or printing. To learn the exact CDL rules in your state, check your state licensing agency’s website or contact them directly for guidance.
Building a strong foundation for the CDL license
Understanding CDL requirements is the first major step toward a career in commercial driving. Federal rules create a nationwide baseline, but every state adds its own testing procedures, paperwork, and eligibility criteria. Reviewing FMCSA guidelines alongside your state’s CDL manual helps you avoid delays, stay compliant, and prepare for both the written test and the skills exam.
Whether you’re applying for your first Commercial Learner’s Permit or upgrading with additional endorsements, meeting CDL requirements ensures you are properly trained and legally qualified to operate commercial vehicles. Take time to review state-specific rules, complete approved training programs, and keep up with federal changes—so you can start your commercial driving career with confidence.
